Imaging Conflict Resolution

Notes by Howard Gardner

This interview, of one of the most creative psychologists of her generation, illustrates the way in which psychological and neurological evidence becomes more differentiated over time. Fifty years ago, there were few scholars who believed that the processing of social/human information differed informatively from the processing of information relevant to inanimate entities. The situation began to change when David Premack and other scholars pointed out the specific characteristics of thinking about minds, especially other minds, and posited the emergence, in most humans around the age of four, of a ‘theory of mind.’  More popular writings, like Dan Goleman’s work on ‘social intelligence’ and ‘emotional intelligence,’ and my introduction of ‘interpersonal’ and ‘intrapersonal’ intelligences, supported the notion that thought about the human sphere is distinctive in many ways from thought about nonhuman or inanimate entities.

Rebecca Saxe updates this thinking by reporting that there are probably half a dozen or more structures that are dedicated to the processing of information about the social-psychological world.  And she speculates that a deeper understanding of how we think about other persons might suggest powerful and effective routes toward a world that is more just and perhaps free of conflict.

To read the interview in its entirety click here.

Thought Beyond Language

Notes by Howard Gardner

One of the most heated debates in the cognitive sciences revolves around the question of whether other cognitive capacities are dependent upon the structure and functioning of language,  or whether cognitive capacities in, say, music or number have an independent history and mode of representation.  This study provides suggestive evidence that the capacity to carry out syntactic operations (adding, deleting, transforming, reordering) operates independently in language and algebra.  Indeed, one could argue that the study achieves the ‘gold standard’ in this area. One can be competent with linguistic operations but not algebraic ones, or competent with algebraic operations but not linguistic ones.  And it therefore implies that perhaps syntax in music also operates independently.

It should be noted, however, that the apparent independence of these two forms of syntactic operations does not prove that they evolved or developed independently.  It is possible that, at its origins, syntactic operations are similar or even identical across different contents, and only gradually achieve structural or functional autonomy.  What seems more likely, in light of this finding, is that other forms of mathematical thinking; for example, that involved in geometric or topological thinking, is quite remote from ordinary language use. And so, in a small way, the results of this study are supportive of the central ideas in MI theory.

To read the article in its entirety click here.

Pigeons on Par with Primates

Notes by Howard Gardner

If you thought that logical mathematical thinking was limited to human beings, you need to revise your beliefs. In this mind-expanding study, the researchers report that species other than human beings are able to master an abstract numerical rule; a rule that governs the way that a series of numerical displays is ordered.  Moreover, and I find this amazing, this skill is found not only among nonhuman primates but also among pigeons.  Scholars will debate whether birds or monkeys are able to master this rule in the same way, drawing on the same representations and strategies or whether this skill has evolved twice, along quite distinct evolutionary pathways.

To read the article in its entirety, click here.

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